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ADS-B
ADS-B stands for Automatic Dependent Surveillance-broadcast. It is a system used by larger aircraft for transmitting their position and other information such as height, speed, bearing, ascending/descending, flight number and position. ADS-B equiped aircraft transmit this information every few seconds automatically.
The ADS-B signals are transmitted from the aircraft on 1090Mhz as a wide bandwidth datastream.
ADS-B is fitted to most commercial flights, many cargo aircraft, and some business jets. Currently most small aircraft do not have this facility, however with the introduction of Mode-S transponders to smaller aircraft we will see more small aircraft in the future. Many Mode-S transponders have the facility either built in or as an option to transmit ADS-B messages. Some military aircraft carry ADS-B though they also have their own system that encrypts the data for obvious reasons, so these cannot be plotted for position.
Often however you can be aware of their presence as they transmit their ICAO number and call sign.
For more information please go to wikipedia here or google ADS-B